Most of the preoperative variables, such as age, BMI, ASA‐PS, and previous cerebrovascular disease were equivalent between the PM and RS groups; however, the rates of DM with insulin use, congestive heart failure, and past cardiac surgery were significantly higher in the PM group than the RS group (3.5% vs 2.4%, P = .002; 0.3% vs 0.1%, P = .024; and 1.2% vs 0.2%, P < .001, respectively) (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and congestive heart failure.