Deficiency of TNF, TNFR1, TNFR2, or both TNFR1&2 did not precipitate lupus nephritis in either male or female Sle1 mice as manifested by absence of proteinuria >30 mg/dL and/or premature mortality in mice aged to >1 year (Figure 1A). This evidence concerns the gene TLR5 and lupus nephritis.