However, there is almost no data reflecting the expression of cytokines genes in the LS tissue what prompted us to determine the mRNA levels of IL-1A, IL-6, IL-1B, IL-1RN, TGF-β1 and INF-γ genes in a large sample of penile lichen sclerosus tissue as compared to control penile tissues. Here, TGFB1 is linked to lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.