HSPA5 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Metformin and PA combination restored Grp78 mRNA level to that observed in the control group; however, GRP78 protein content was elevated by 1.56-fold vs. control (p = 0.011), by 3.28-fold vs. T2DM (p < 0.001), and by 1.28-fold vs. metformin group (p = 0.015).