NFKB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: However, it was shown that inflammation and further activation of nuclear factor κB- (NF-κB-) associated pathways in astrocytes plays a controversial role, because from the one side, one report has shown that the inhibition of NF-κB in astrocytes enhanced food intake [67], and from the other, this study demonstrated astrocytic-mediated inhibition of NF-κB to protect animals from HFD-induced obesity [68, 69].