In preclinical models, M2 macrophages have been shown to be implicated in the resistance to chemotherapy32,33 via various mechanisms such as the production of immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β and tumor-invasion promoting factors and proangiogenic factor VEGF as well as the overexpression of PD-L134. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.