Accordingly, E. coli 536-HDM infected HeLa cells showed a similar cell size as noninfected HeLa cells or HeLa cells incubated with E. coli K-12 strain MG1655 (Fig. 1A), whereas HeLa cell infection with pks-positive phylogroup B2 E. coli isolate M1/5 led to megalocytosis (Fig. 1A) and high levels of N-myristoyl-d-asparagine production, as well as a significantly stronger DNA cross-link activity (Fig. 1B and C). Here, ARAF is linked to infection.