Several other antiviral proteins, including RIG-I, MDA5, OAS, RNase L, Trim5, ADAR1, ZAP, cGAS and RNA helicases, can be recruited to SGs during infection, suggesting that these are antiviral SGs (avSGs) with a role in antiviral signalling (Onomoto et al., 2012; Thulasi Raman et al., 2016; Yoo et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene SMOC1 and infection.