CTSK and osteoporosis: Importantly, rAAV9‐mediated silencing of Schnurri‐3 in osteoblasts or/and rAAV9‐mediated gene silencing (RANK and CTSK) in osteoclasts are both rAAV9‐based gene therapy for osteoporosis.37, 38 In addition, AAV‐mediated FOXO3a‐RNAi, AAV‐mediated MVP and AAV‐shIGSF23 with a local administration or a systemic delivery also protect mice from pathologic bone loss.39, 40, 41 Through this approach, we injected AAV‐ShStard3nl into knee joints of OVX mice, and a significant increase in bone mass was displayed, suggesting a novel AAV‐based gene therapy for osteoporosis.