ALB and malnutrition: Prior studies have identified a limited number of screening tools to evaluate nutritional risks that have the potential to predict prognosis in cancer patients, ranging from Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002), Mini Nutritional Assessment-Screening Form (MNA-SF), and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), as well as several nutritional status markers such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, prognostic nutritional index, BMI, serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, and indicators such as patients' cholesterol levels (34–38).