LCN2 and acute kidney injury: We inspected 6 candidate biomarkers' expression levels in PBMCs within the cohort, such as GDF-15, IL1RL1, uPAR, NGAL, IL6, and FABP3 and patients who developed AKI had significantly higher GDF-15, IL1RL1, uPAR, and IL6 expression in comparison with the patients without AKI (Figure 3).