SIPA1 and breast cancer: As shown in Supplementary Figure S1A, three triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, SUM159, MDA-MB-231 and BT549, all with high level of SIPA1 expression, consumed more glucose and produced more lactate than MCF7, a non-TNBC cell line with low SIPA1 expression (Supplementary Figures S1A–S1C), indicating that a high level of SIPA1 expression might be responsible for high aerobic glycolysis in breast cancer cells.