Surprisingly, human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hWJ-MSC-EVs) were reported to promote the growth and migration of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by inducing HGF expression and activation of the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways (Du et al., 2014), although antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of these hWJ-MSC-EVs were described on bladder cancer cells through downregulation of Akt phosphorylation and upregulation of Caspase 3 cleavage (Wu et al., 2013). Here, AKT1 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.