Setting these results in context, other studies have similarly found no or few differentially expressed single genes following vitamin D supplementation (Hossein-nezhad et al., 2013; Munro, 2016; Pasing et al., 2017), however pathway analyses have identified effects on fatty acid metabolism and PPAR signaling (Munro, 2016), MAPK signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, T cell receptor signaling and prostate cancer (Hossein-nezhad et al., 2013). Here, PPARA is linked to Familial prostate cancer.