TNF and myocardial ischemia: In an animal model of myocardial ischemia, the expression of EGFR in alveolar macrophages was up-regulated (42), and contributed to the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (such as TNF, IL-6, IL-1β), chemokines (such CXCL2/MIP-2, MCP-1, and CCL3) and iNOS (42).