Pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), can reduce T cell infiltration by disrupting their access to the tumor bed and also inhibit adhesion molecules on endothelium for immune cell extravasation, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM)-1 (37). Here, VCAM1 is linked to neoplasm.