TNF and neoplasm: It could be transferred into recipient microglia through exosomes, leading to the repression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) and ameliorating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to regulate the inflammatory response of microglial cells, which helps create a tumor-supportive milieu (45).