TLR3 and infection: Although TLR-dependent IFN-β production increase resistance to infection in mice (16), contrasting data have demonstrated that MyD88, TRIF, TLR-2-, TLR-3-, and TLR-4-deficient MEF, and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) still produce IFN-β in response to T. cruzi, while TBK-1 and IRF3 deficiency significantly impairs IFN-β production (45).