PARP1 and viral infectious disease: Moreover, PARP1 is critical in viral infections, including the retroviruses, herpesviruses, influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, and chikungunya virus (Kameoka et al., 1999, 2005; Dandri et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2002; Ko and Ren, 2011; Grady et al., 2012; Bueno et al., 2013; Rom et al., 2015; Na et al., 2016; Xia et al., 2020).