TNF and eosinophilic esophagitis: Even if it is widely recognized that EoE pathogenesis is mainly orchestrated by T2 responses, Th1-related cytokines, including TNF–α and IFN-γ are found to be increased in EoE tissue specimens (Straumann et al., 2001; Gupta et al., 2006; Ruffner et al., 2021).