Produced in the lung by TH17 cells, as a response to viral infection Induces chemokine production to recruit leukocytes Induces the expression of pro-coagulation factors when in combination with TNF-α Increased thrombosis increases the risk for cardiovascular-related illness Inhibits apoptosis of virally infected cells, promoting viral replication Increased TH17 cells with high CD8 + T cell toxicity, involved in ARDS. Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.