Furthermore, it was observed that GPBAR1 could bind to mortalin and regulate its expression in the CCA cell line; mortalin may be a downstream component of GPBAR1 that promotes CCA cell proliferation, and the interaction between GPBAR1 and mortalin may at least partially promote the occurrence of CCA (Li et al., 2020). Here, GPBAR1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.