ACE and atherosclerosis: Some previous studies showed that ACE polymorphism, which was defined in detail by the absence or presence of a 287-bp DNA fragment in intron 16 of the ACE gene, was associated with various heart-related and other diseases such as atherosclerosis (Sayed-Tabatabaei et al., 2003), myocardial infarction (Cambien et al., 1992), ischemic stroke (Sharma, 1998), diabetic nephropathy (Boright et al., 2005), hypertension (Pachocka et al., 2020), endurance exercise (John et al., 2020), and cancer (Raba et al., 2020).