TARDBP and non-small cell lung carcinoma: It has been reported that Lys-48 and Lys-63 are two major ubiquitination sites of TDP43 and both sites are linked with polyubiquitin chains.41,42 However, TDP-43 of the Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains undergoes ubiquitin proteasomal-mediated degradation, while the TDP-43 with Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains might be removed via autophagy.43 In NSCLC, lncRNA LCETRL3 may mainly block ubiquitination of Lys-48 through binding to TDP43, inhibit proteasomal-mediated degradation of TDP43 and, thus, stabilize oncoprotein TDP43.