SDC1 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: In previous studies, Syndecan-1 was associated with: the need for intubation after large-volume resuscitation in a prospective observational study (n = 175) [23]; the risk of developing respiratory failure in a prospective cohort of patients with sepsis from pneumonia (n = 44) [24]; and the risk for developing ARDS in a retrospective cohort of severely septic patients (n = 262) [25].