TNF and fatty liver disease: Mechanistically, increased hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed S1PR3−/− mice is likely associated with the observed high expression of the fatty acid transporter gene, CD36, and the lipogenic transcription factor, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 c (SREBP1c), with additional involvement of inflammatory components including TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-1β (Figure 6(e)).