APP and Alzheimer disease: Many studies have observed preferential iron accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with AD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Bartzokis et al. 1994, 2004; Bartzokis and Tishler 2000; Pfefferbaum et al. 2009; Bilgic et al. 2012; Langkammer et al. 2014; Ghadery et al. 2015), and iron modulates APP cleavage and Tau hyperphosphorylation (Tao et al. 2014).