TB/HIV–co-infected tissues expressed significantly more T-bet (P = 0.029), IFN-γ (P = 0.05), and IL-10 (P = 0.022) mRNA compared with TB (Figure 4, B, E and G), whereas the HIV-negative TB group displayed higher levels of Th2 markers, such as GATA-binding protein 3 (P = 0.016) and IL-13 (P = 0.014) mRNA (Figure 4, C and F). Here, IL13 is linked to tuberculosis.