SOCS3 and coinfection: Likewise, the pleiotropic inhibitors suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3, LAG-3, and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM)-3 were all up-regulated in TB/HIV co-infection compared with the controls (P = 0.05, P = 0.02, and P = 0.009, respectively), and LAG-3 and TIM-3 were also significantly higher in TB/HIV co-infection compared with TB infection (P = 0.005 and P = 0.009) (Figure 4, H–J).