IFNG and tuberculosis: Multiplex profiling of plasma samples revealed an altered systemic cytokine/chemokine milieu in TB/HIV–co-infected patients, characterized by significantly elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-1RA (P = 0.0038), and increased levels of the IFN-γ–stimulated chemokines CXCL9 (P = 0.004) and CXCL10 (P = 0.041) compared with HIV-negative patients with TB as well as the controls (Supplemental Figure S1, A–C).