C9orf72 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Cox survival analysis showed that people with ALS and C9orf72 gene expansion had worse survival (p = 3.0 × 10−6) than people with ALS with no C9orf72 gene expansion (Supplementary Fig. 2), while people with ALS and VCP gene inversion had longer survival than those with ALS and no VCP gene inversion (p = 0.002, Supplementary Fig. 3).