Several other studies have also failed to find an association between commercially tested autoantibodies and irAE.17 18 26 In contrast, Toi et al demonstrated that, among patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1 therapy, having a positive ANA, RF or thyroid autoantibody at baseline was strongly associated with irAE development compared with being seronegative (73% vs 45%, p=0.002).13 This finding was particularly driven by patients with a positive RF (39% vs 17%, p=0.006). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.