IL2 and neoplasm: Moreover, Exo-PD-L1 has been reported to inhibit the synthesis of IL-2 and IFN-γ by CD8+ T cells, and dose-dependently reduce the overall quantity of CD8+ T cells, indicating that Exo-PD-L1 promotes the apoptosis of CD8+ T cells and tumor progression via PD-1/PD-L1 interaction [127, 136].In addition, a recent study has shown that exosomes derived from NSCLC can also promote the expression of PD-L1 on macrophages through a NF-κB dependent and glycolysis dominated metabolic reprogramming mechanism, so as to promote tumor metastasis [137].