TNF and Cognitive impairment: Furthermore, both clinical and experimental evidence indicated that administration of certain proinflammatory cytokines like IL‐1β, TNF‐α, or IFN‐α could induce depressive symptoms or depressive‐like behaviors, such as cognitive impairment, psychomotor retardation, reduced social, or exploratory behaviors (Dantzer et al., 2008; Eggermont et al., 2008; Friebe et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2016; Reichenberg et al., 2005).