APOE and atherosclerosis: In line, blocking VLA-4 decreased leukocyte recruitment in atherosclerotic mice (202, 203) and functional downregulation of Vcam1 significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice in a gene-dose dependent manner (204, 205), while similarly, treatment with a VCAM-1 blocking antibody attenuated atherosclerosis in Apoe−/− mice (206).