Compared with the normal-weight individuals, obese patients were younger and had larger waist circumference, increased alcohol consumption, lower levels of BNP at baseline, higher proportions of the previous HF hospitalization, comorbid DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and more prescription medications including diuretics, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Here, ACE is linked to metabolic syndrome.