SPP1 and neoplasm: We further examined the expression of known tumor-promoting markers in these immune subpopulations, confirming that CD4_CXCL13, CD4_FOXP3, CD8_CXCL13, CD8_ISG15, Mac_C1QA, Mac_ISG15 and Mac_SPP1 cells were tumor-promoting immune cells (Figure 1E).