SMAD2 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Similarly, TGF-β1 secreted by CAFs leads to overexpression of lncRNA (TBILA) in NSCLC tissues, which can be induced by the classical TGF-β1 /Smad2/3 signaling pathway, cis-regulating HGAL (a TGF-β-induced gene), and activating the S100A7/JAB1 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the progress of NSCLC (Lu et al., 2018).