ATF3 and endothelial dysfunction: ATF3, an immediate, early transcription factor gene belonging to the activated protein 1 (AP-1) family, plays an important role in inflammation and infectious diseases, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and prevention of atherosclerosis (Cai et al., 2000; Nawa et al., 2002; Aung et al., 2013; Rohini et al., 2018).