CXCL12 and Miyoshi myopathy: Interestingly, interactions between MM cells and BM MSCs trigger the production of IL-6 and a number of cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, VEGF, IGF-1, CXCL12, IL-1β, TGF-β, CCL-3, and CCL4 with immunomodulatory activity (119, 120).