Additionally, a recent study has shown that astrocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with a leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation display fragmented mitochondrial morphology, atrophic cellular morphology, altered Ca2+ signaling and metabolic impairment (Ramos-Gonzalez et al., 2021). The gene discussed is LRRK2; the disease is Parkinson disease.