PNPT1 and depressive symptom measurement: Consistently, upstream regulator analysis identified the inhibition of interferons, e.g., interferon gamma (IFNG), IFNA2, IFNL1, IRF3, and IRF7, and the activation of ACKR2, PNPT1, TRIM24, and NKX2-3 (Figures 2A,B), indicating perturbations of the inflammatory response in gut microbiota-dysbiosis-induced depression mice.