GAD1 and stiff-person syndrome: The diagnostic criteria for SPS as revised in 2001 [3, 17–19] include the constellation of: a) stiffness of the axial muscles, especially abdominal and thoracolumbar paraspinals, leading to hyperlordosis (Fig. 1); b) superimposed painful spasms triggered by anxiety, tactile or auditory stimuli; c) electromyographic evidence of continuous motor unit activity of agonist and antagonist muscles; d) high-titer GAD antibodies with the cut-off positivity titers > 10.000 IU/ml by ELISA.