TNF and ulcer disease: Induction of ulcers by WIR-stress resulted in a considerable rise in mucosal content of TNF-α and IL-1β by 110% and 68.7%, respectively, along with an elevation in mucosal MPO by 61.2% compared with the vehicle group, on the other hand, when rats were given NADA, a CB1 agonist, and AM630, a CB2 antagonist, both exhibited a significant reduction in TNF-α by 33.7% and 35.7%, respectively, with a decrease in IL-1β by 35.5% and 37.7% and MPO content decreased by 24.9% and 27.6 %, as compared with the WIRS group (Figure 2).