INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is another prevalent lifelong disease characterized by elevated systemic glucose levels, owing to autoimmune destruction of β cells of the endocrine pancreas in case of type 1 DM (T1DM) or metabolic dysfunction and inflammation leading to insufficient pancreatic production of insulin and inefficient cellular absorption of glucose in case of type 2 DM (T2DM)5.