CCL2 and pulmonary fibrosis: Chronic inflammation is considered important in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis through regulating production of cytokines/chemokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukins (ILs), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), etc.)and growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), connective tissue growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor, etc.)from macrophages and modulating matrix (e.g., via MMP-2), vasculature, growth-factor receptor, and oxidative stress status (Bringardner et al., 2008; Sgalla et al., 2018).