Similarly, direct intratracheal administration of TNF-α into wild-type mice also results in the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-1β, MCP-1, as well as TGF-β1, and collagen type I (Naura et al., 2009), a pattern of changes in the lung resembling that found in ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting a potential role of TNF-α in lung injury, and fibrosis associated with obesity. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.