Since hyperactivation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway is a common feature of most RCCs due to biallelic Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene defects, targeted therapies, such as VEGF monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin pathway inhibitors, have improved the treatment of RCC and reduced treatment toxicity over the past two decades [9]. The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is renal cell carcinoma.