As H. pylori infection increased hepatic AFP expression level and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxication increased transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-b1) levels, both in serum and tissues, H. pylori chronic infection might contribute to HCC progression from CCL4-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis [26, 27]. Here, CCL4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.