Increased expression of oxidative stress markers and decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase; SOD) are observed with the oxidative stress in the renal proximal tubular epithelial cell in the AKI that lead to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and proinflammatory pathways including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)23,24. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and acute kidney injury.