Autoantibody profiling in patients with AD identified various antigenic proteins such as SOS1, TNFRSF21, ATM, S100A1, PTCD2, or FRMD8, which were up-regulated in the blood of patients with AD and showed that the use of autoantibody panels or combinations elevated the possibility of AD diagnosis22,23. This evidence concerns the gene S100A1 and Alzheimer disease.