Moreover, in addition to direct killing of the PD-L1-expressing cancer cells, the PD-L1–CAR-bearing immune effector cells have shown the ability to reshape the TME,6 by eliminating the tumor-infiltrating macrophages and neutrophilic and monocytic myeloid cells endogenously expressing high levels of PD-L1.7 Additionally, multiple healthy cells were demonstrated to express detectable levels of PD-L1 in steady state or on induction.8 This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and cancer.