Specifically, ncfDNA was correlated with cytokines/chemokines such as IL-15, IL-8, Eotaxin-3, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-16, VEGF, IL-6, IL-7, GM-CSF and IL-1α in SOTRs with COVID-19 (Fig 7A, Suppl.Table 2). Here, CSF2 is linked to COVID-19.