In GP5 glands, the nuclear HIF-1α expression in both tumour epithelial and stromal cells was significantly higher compared to GP3 and GP4 glands (Supplementary Fig. 5; Supplementary Table 8), which corroborates the increased expression of LDHA shown above, as one of the key HIF-1α target genes52,53. Here, LDHA is linked to neoplasm.